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What is an occupancy sensor?
An occupancy sensor detects the presence or absence of people in a defined space and supports functions such as space utilization analytics, HVAC and lighting optimization, meeting room booking accuracy, and safety and cleaning workflows.
- Space utilization analytics (who uses what, and when)
- HVAC and lighting optimization for energy savings
- Meeting room booking accuracy and hot-desking management
- Safety and cleaning workflows
Camera-free occupancy sensors perform these functions without capturing identifiable visual images. Common non-visual technologies include thermal sensors, radar, and infrared presence detectors; this article focuses on thermal, camera-free approaches that are inherently privacy-preserving.
Why privacy-first, camera-free approaches matter in Germany
Germany has among the strongest workplace privacy expectations in Europe, driven by legal frameworks, works council co-determination, and public trust concerns.
- Strong legal framework: GDPR (EU) plus the German Federal Data Protection Act (BDSG) set strict rules around personal data processing
- Works council co-determination: Betriebsräte (works councils) often must be consulted for monitoring technologies in workplaces
- Public trust: Employees are highly sensitive to visual surveillance; camera-based sensing can trigger resistance, legal scrutiny, or mandatory Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs)
Camera-free thermal sensing reduces legal and social friction because it does not produce identifiable photographs, minimizing the risk of creating personal data that would require extensive legal safeguards and approvals.
How camera-free thermal occupancy sensors work
Thermal occupancy sensors detect heat signatures emitted by human bodies and convert that into anonymized occupancy signals. Key characteristics include:
- Heat-based detection: sensors measure temperature differences and motion caused by warm bodies rather than visual features
- Low resolution: data is typically pixelated or aggregated to prevent identification of individuals
- Edge processing: many systems process raw sensor data locally and only transmit aggregated occupancy counts or events, limiting transferred or stored data
- No facial detail: because these systems do not capture visible-light images, they do not produce recognisable faces or clothing details
Brief definitions
- Thermal sensor: a device that senses infrared radiation (heat) and maps it to occupancy information
- Edge processing: data processing performed on a local device rather than in the cloud, reducing data exposure