What is an occupancy sensor?
An occupancy sensor is a device that detects the presence or number of people in a room or area. Common outputs include binary occupied/unoccupied signals, real-time headcounts, and historical usage data. These outputs are used to automate systems (lighting, HVAC), support analytics (space utilisation) and improve services (cleaning schedules, desk booking).
Technical terms defined:
- PIR (passive infrared): detects motion by sensing changes in infrared radiation.
- Thermal sensor: measures heat signatures rather than producing optical images.
- Edge processing: analysing sensor data locally on the device instead of sending raw data to the cloud.
- Anonymisation: removing or transforming data so individuals cannot be identified.
Why "privacy-first" matters in the UK
UK organisations must comply with UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018. Beyond legal compliance, privacy-first sensors protect employee trust and reduce the risk of regulatory action and reputational harm.
Privacy-first characteristics:
- Camera-free sensing or no visual image capture.
- Edge processing so only aggregated or anonymised results leave the device.
- No collection of personally identifiable information (PII).
- Short retention periods and clear data deletion policies.
- Transparent vendor practices and documented Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIAs).
Vendors that prioritise these features help you meet legal obligations and maintain staff confidence.
Common sensor technologies — brief overview and privacy implications
PIR (passive infrared)
What it does: detects motion via heat change.
- Pros: inexpensive, low power.
- Cons: provides presence but not accurate counts; can miss stationary people.
- Privacy: high, since no images are captured.
Thermal sensors (camera-free)
What it does: detects heat signatures to count people or identify occupied zones without producing video images.
- Pros: higher accuracy than PIR for counts; preserves visual privacy.
- Privacy: strong when processing is anonymised and no visual output is stored.
Optical cameras (computer vision)
What it does: captures images/video and applies algorithms to detect people.
- Pros: high accuracy and granularity.
- Cons: privacy-sensitive, requires robust anonymisation and legal justification.
- Privacy: highest risk; typically not recommended if privacy is a priority.
Radar-based sensors
What it does: uses radio waves to detect movement and presence.
- Pros: good through-partition sensing; can detect breathing-level micro-movements.
- Cons: complexity; potential privacy concerns depend on processing.
- Privacy: moderate if used with aggregated outputs.
Ultrasonic
What it does: uses sound waves to detect movement.
- Pros: low cost and non-visual.
- Cons: limited range and accuracy.
- Privacy: good.
Wi‑Fi/Bluetooth device detection
What it does: infers occupancy by detecting mobile devices.
- Pros: useful for trend analysis without extra hardware.
- Cons: not everyone carries a device; raises tracking and consent issues.
- Privacy: risk of PII exposure and device tracking unless anonymised and consented.
CO2 sensing
What it does: measures carbon dioxide as a proxy for presence and ventilation needs.
- Pros: useful for air quality control.
- Cons: indirect and slow; not suitable for headcounts.
- Privacy: minimal risk.